Author: Harford Community College
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Huna

Joel Huna
English 109
Prof Rob Frank
13 June 2012
OUTLINE:
Thesis: Excessive internet use leads to feelings of loneliness in children and youths.
Point 1: Face to face communication and the telephone reduces loneliness better than computer mediated communication. 
	Articles:
		 -Nardoff
		- Mu Hu 
		- Coget 
Point 2: Entertainment, when consumed individually, on the internet increases loneliness.
	Articles
		- Blais
		- Deniz
Point 3: Excessive internet use is a cycle that does not always create loneliness, but it intensifies it.
	Articles:
		- Tingjun
		- Junghyun
		- Van Der Aa 
		- Fortson
		- Subrahmanyam
Annotated Bibliography

Blais, Julie J., Wendy M. Craig, Debra Pepler, and Jennifer Connoly. "Adolescents Online: The 	Importance of Internet Activity Choices to Salient Relationships." BullyLab. Springer 	Science+Business Media, 13 Dec. 2007. Web. 10 June 2012. 	<http://www.bullylab.com/Portals/0/Adolescents%20online-	%20The%20importance%20of%20internet%20activity%20choices%20to%20salient%20	relationship.pdf>.
This study is valid because it is done by psychologists from two Canadian universities. 884 Canadian secondary school students were given questionnaires assessing their own views of their relationships. It was not strongly for or against adolescent internet use because the study gave evidence that negative effects come from only certain activities such as internet gaming. General Entertainment and Online games each decreased commitment and intimacy and companionship scores, and this was supported by their P value of less than .05. P values less than .05 indicate that, statistically, the finding was not found by chance. I will only be able to use half of the information gathered because the study found that digital social networking with friends actually strengthens relationships. 

Coget, Jean-Francois, Yutaka Yaumachi, and Michael Suman. "The Internet, Social Networks, 	and Loneliness." Digital Commons. IT and Society, Summer 2002. Web. 10 June 2012. 	<http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=mgmt_fa	c&seiredir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%	3Dj%26q%3Dthe%2Binternet%2Bsocial%2Bnetworks%2Band%2Bloneliness%26sourc	e%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CG4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F	digitalcommons.calpoly.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1000%	2526context%253Dmgmt_fac%26ei%3D4TzVT-	5iyuHRAbzXnbYD%26usg%3DAFQjCNHznrkev5nf-	W1KraifyVZwgTH0Cg#search=%22internet%20social%20networks%20loneliness%22	>.
This study was done by researchers from UCLA, so it is from a reliable source. 2096 people were asked questions via telephone about their internet use and their relationships. A possible reason that internet users perceive their loneliness is because they believe society values face-to-face communication more than digital communication. It was hard to understand it completely because a lot of statistics jargon was involved. Digital socializing's reducing of loneliness, standardized coefficient of -.003 where p<.005, doesn't cover up the increase of loneliness in response to the large amount of time spent online, standardized coefficient of .157 where p<.005.
  
Deniz, Levent. "Excessive Internet Use And Loneliness Among Secondary School Students." 	Journal Of Instructional Psychology 37.1 (2010): 20-23. Academic Search Premier. 	Web. 10 June 2012. 
In this study done by a Turkish University, 164 Turkish secondary students were given questionnaires about how many hours they spent on the internet and how lonely they felt. The study found that students that spent over 26 hours a week on the internet felt more lonely than those who spent only 5 hours. The analysis showed that the previous fact had a p value smaller than .05. 

Fortson, Beverly L., Joseph R. Scotti, Yi-Chuen Chen, Judith Malone, and Kevin S. Ben. 	"Internet Use, Abuse, and Dependence Among Students at a Southeastern Regional 	University." - Technology News. Journal of American College Health, 9 Nov. 2007. Web. 	10 June 2012. 	<http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1137247/internet_use_abuse_and_dependenc	e_among_students_at_a_southeastern/>.
This source is credible because it is done by researchers from West Virginia University. The article argues that at least 50% of  their sample college students can be classified as "internet abusers," and 25% of them could be considered "internet dependent." Those who were "internet dependent" did not interact with others as much as internet abusers. Men were found to be more likely to use the internet for non-socializing activities. "Higher ratings on the individual symptoms of Internet abuse and dependence...were positively correlated with higher" scores on the study's depression scale.

Junghyun, Kim, Robert LaRose, and Peng Wei. "Loneliness As The Cause And The Effect Of 	Problematic Internet Use: The Relationship Between Internet Use And Psychological 	Well-Being." Cyberpsychology & Behavior 12.4 (2009): 451-455. Academic Search 	Premier. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a study done by doctors of psychology at Kent State University. The study surveyed 635 college students about their favorite online activity was, how lonely they felt, if unchecked use of the internet had negatively affected them, and whether they had poor social skills or not. The study showed that loneliness could be a cause as well as an effect of loneliness, which was most notable  in people who preferred social networking sites and entertainment. Excessive internet use could be a "malicious cycle" that can create feelings of loneliness as well as intensify them. A preference for internet communication was positively correlated, a coefficient of .20 with p<.01, with loneliness.

Mu, Hu. "Social Use of the Internet and Loneliness." Diss. Ohio State University, 2007. Social 	Use of the Internet and Loneliness. Ohio State University and OhioLINK, 2007. Web. 10 	June 2012. <http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Hu%20Mu.pdf?osu1186168233>.
This source is credible because it is a dissertation from Ohio State University. It argues that the relationship between internet use and loneliness is not obvious because of the many variables involved such as one's "mood loneliness." The study it did pointed out that test subjects who engaged in face to face communication were able to reduce their loneliness while online communicators increased theirs. It will be hard to use this source because it is rather exhaustive; it has a lot of complex information to sift through. People with high trait loneliness, meaning their personality is more sensitive to loneliness, increased their loneliness from coefficients 2.28 to 2.39 during the study while using computer mediated communication.

Nadorff,  Danielle K., et al. "College Students' Use Of Electronic Communication With Parents: 	Links To Loneliness, Attachment, And Relationship Quality." Cyberpsychology, 	Behavior & Social Networking 14.1/2 (2011): 71-74. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 	June 2012.
This study was done by a team of doctors of psychology at West Virginia University. The sample was of 211 undergraduate students aged under 22, and they were given surveys about how much face to face communication they had with their parents, how lonely they felt, and how strong they perceived their relationships with their parents. People who used Social Networking Sites and e-mail experienced more loneliness than people who communicated through the telephone. Social networking sites had a positive coefficient of .16 for loneliness and .15 for anxiety, both with a strong p value.
 
Subrahmanyam, K, and G Lin. "Adolescents On The Net: Internet Use And Well-Being." 	Adolescence 42.168 (2007): 659-677. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a study done by researchers at California State University. 156 private school adolescents were surveyed about the relationships that they made over the internet. A small group of the students who didn't have a strong connection with family and friends were more likely to meet their chat partners multiple times, and these same teenagers were also more likely to consider their online chat partner as a good friend. 4.5% of the sample said that they would rely upon an internet friend in an emergency, and this report had p<.05. This source didn’t hurt or help my argument because it basically says that online chat rooms and parental support do not affect loneliness or internet use. 

Tingjun Wu, et al. "Internet Communication Versus Face-To-Face Interaction In Quality Of 	Life." Social Indicators Research 100.3 (2011): 375-389. SocINDEX with Full Text. 	Web. 10 June 2012.
This is a study done by researchers from three different Chinese universities. The sample was of 3,321 people above the age of  15 in four major Chinese cities, and they were interviewed about how they feel the internet has benefited or harmed them. The study found that, because of the lack of depth, "relationships formed or maintained on the Internet will not be strong." Also, it found that “face to face communication cannot be replaced.” One of the cities' life quality had a negative coefficient of -.56 with p<.001, which implies that the internet has a negative effect on people's quality of life. 

Van Der Aa, Niels, Geertjan Overbeek, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Ron H. J. Scholte, Gert-Jan 	Meerkerk, and Regina J. J. M. Van Den Eijnden. "Daily and Compulsive Internet Use 	and Well- Being in Adolescence: A Diathesis-Stress Model Based on Big Five 	Personality Traits." Rutgerengels. Springer Science+Business Media, 1 Aug. 2008. Web. 	10 June 2012. <http://www.rutgerengels.nl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/2009-Daily-and-	compulsive-internet.pdf>.
This study is reliable because it is done by researchers from two Netherlands universities and one researcher from the Addiction Research Institute. It argues that teenagers who aren't well connected and shy are more likely to abuse the internet and become more disassociated with offline relationships. The internet, by itself, does not increase loneliness, but overuse does. Compulsive internet use (CIU) had a .34 coefficient with p<.001 when compared to loneliness. This means that overusing the internet has a significant effect on loneliness.